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Utopian socialism is a label used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought as exemplified by the work of Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism )〕 Utopian socialism is often described as the presentation of visions and outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies, with positive ideals being the main reason for moving society in such a direction. Later socialists and critics of utopian socialism viewed "utopian socialism" as not being grounded in actual material conditions of existing society, and in some cases, as reactionary. These visions of ideal societies competed with Marxist-inspired revolutionary social democratic movements. The term is most often applied to those socialists who lived in the first quarter of the 19th century who were ascribed the label "utopian" by later socialists as a pejorative in order to imply naiveté and to dismiss their ideas as fanciful and unrealistic.〔''Newman, Michael''. (2005) ''Socialism: A Very Short Introduction," Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280431-6〕 A similar school of thought that emerged in the early 20th century is ethical socialism, which makes the case for socialism on moral grounds. One key difference between "utopian socialists" and other socialists (including most anarchists) is that utopian socialists generally don't believe any form of class struggle or political revolution is necessary for socialism to emerge. Utopians believe that people of all classes can voluntarily adopt their plan for society if it is presented convincingly.〔 They feel their form of cooperative socialism can be established among like-minded people within the existing society, and that their small communities can demonstrate the feasibility of their plan for society.〔 ==Definition== The thinkers identified as utopian socialist did not use the term ''utopian'' to refer to their ideas. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were the first thinkers to refer to them as ''utopian'', referring to all socialist ideas that simply presented a vision and distant goal of an ethically just society as utopian. This utopian mindset was contrasted with scientific socialism, which was likened to an engineering perspective, which held an integrated conception of the goal, the means to produce said goal, and an understanding of the way that those means would inevitably be produced through examining social and economic phenomena. This distinction was made clear in Engels' work ''Socialism: Utopian and Scientific'' (1892, part of an earlier publication, the ''Anti-Dühring'' from 1878). Utopian socialists were seen as wanting to expand the principles of the French revolution in order to create a more "rational" society. Despite being labeled as utopian by later socialists, their aims were not always utopian, and their values often included rigid support for the scientific method and the creation of a society based upon scientific understanding. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「utopian socialism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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